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1.
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In a recent experiment, scientists studied the effects of increased carbon
dioxide levels on the growth of pine trees. The scientists observed that increased levels of carbon
dioxide resulted in an increase in the average circumference of the tree trunks. The change in
circumference is a result of the process of
A) | adaptation | B) | osmosis | C) | photosynthesis | D) | transpiration |
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2.
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Which RNA sequence is produced using the DNA sequence AGC-TAC-ACT?
A) | UCG-AUG-UGA | C) | TCG-ATG-TGA | B) | UCG-UAC-ACU | D) | AGC-UAC-ACU |
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3.
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The kinds of species that live in certain areas are determined largely by
A) | soil. | C) | plants. | B) | climate. | D) | weather. |
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4.
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If a liquid is infl ammable, you should be sure to keep it
A) | in the fume hood. | C) | near the sink. | B) | away from heat or fl ames | D) | next to sources of
heat. |
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Use the information and the table below to answer the following.
Mammals, birds, modern reptiles, and theropod dinosaurs are vertebrates. The table below
shows some of the differences and similarities among these groups of vertebrates. 
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5.
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Birds, mammals, and theropod dinosaurs can maintain a constant body temperature.
The ability to maintain a constant body temperature is an exmaple of -
A) | homeostasis | B) | an acquired trait | C) | respiration | D) | a reptilian
trait |
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6.
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Tallness (T) is dominant to shortness (t) in pea plants. Which of
the following represents a genotype of a pea plant that is heterozygous for tallness?
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7.
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The presence or absence of freckles is determined by one gene. The allele for
freckle (F) is dominant and the allele for the absence of freckle (f) is
recessive.
A couple has several children. All of the children have freckles because their
parents’ genotypes can only produce children with freckles. Which of these are most
likely the genotypes of the two parents?
A) | ff and ff | B) | FF and ff | C) | Ff and
ff | D) | Ff and Ff |
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Black skimmers are water birds that live along coastal beaches, bays,
estuaries, and marshes. They fly just above the surface of the water using their lower jaw to catch
small fish, shrimp, and other small crustaceans.
These birds
nest in simple, unlined depressions in the sand. Scientists have observed a decline in the number of
nests. Some causes of this decline include a lack of suitable nesting sites, beach erosion, and human
disturbances.
When people approach their nests, the birds become aggressive and chase away
intruders. Other animals, like crows, will take advantage of the unprotected nests and feed on the
eggs.
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8.
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Which of these best describes the effects of human disturbance on the black
skimmer’s eggs?
A) | a biotic factor | B) | an abiotic factor | C) | an
allele | D) | a niche |
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9.
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Which of these terms best describes the relationship between the crows
and the black skimmers?
A) | commensalism | B) | predator-prey | C) | parasite-host | D) | mutualism |
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10.
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A continued decrease in black skimmer’s population will most likely
lead to
A) | a decrease in decomposer populations | B) | an increase in prey animal
populations | C) | an increase in producer populations | D) | a decrease in scavenger
populations |
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Use the information and the diagram below to answer the following
questions.
Squid are marine animals that have a complete circulatory system and
reproduce
sexually. A diagram of a squid is shown below.
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11.
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Which of these transports nutrients to the cells of a squid?
A) | blood | B) | sea water | C) | nerves | D) | gametes |
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12.
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Which of these is not a purpose of a squid’s sensory organs?
A) | finding mates | B) | locating prey | C) | excreting
waste | D) | avoiding predators |
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13.
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What organ system controls the movement of the squid’s
tentacles?
A) | excretory system | B) | circulatory system | C) | nervous
system | D) | respiratory system |
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Use the relationships in the food web below to answer the following
questions.
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14.
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According to the food web, which of these supply energy for all the other
organisms?
A) | snakes | B) | insects | C) | cougars | D) | grasses |
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15.
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Which of these lists all of the predators shown in the food web?
A) | cougars only | B) | cougars, snakes, and shrews | C) | cougars, snakes,
shrews, and mice | D) | cougars and snakes |
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16.
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The relationship between the mice and the insects is an example of
A) | mutualism | B) | parasite – host | C) | commensalism | D) | predator –
prey |
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17.
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Most organisms need oxygen for their cells to function normally. In mammals,
two organ systems work together to move oxygen throughout the body.
The respiratory system
brings oxygen into the body from the environment. Which of these body systems is directly
involved in the delivery of oxygen to the major organs of the human body?
A) | the endocrine system | B) | the digestive system | C) | the circulatory
system | D) | the nervous system |
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18.
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In humans, the allele for long eyelashes is dominant (L) and the allele for
short
eyelashes is recessive (l). A female who is heterozygous for long eyelashes and a
male
with short eyelashes have a child.
What is the probability that their offspring will have
short eyelashes?
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Use the information and the table below to answer the following.
Elodea, a freshwater plant, releases gas bubbles when it is placed in direct light. In
an investigation, a student placed a lamp at different distances from an aquarium containing
Elodea. The student counted the number of bubbles produced by the Elodea plant. His
data are shown in the table below.
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19.
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What energy source is used by Elodea?
A) | light | B) | carbon dioxide | C) | oxygen | D) | heat |
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20.
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The bubbles released by Elodea contain mostly
A) | carbon dioxide | B) | oxygen | C) | water
vapor | D) | nitrogen |
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21.
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After an egg cell containing 16 chromosomes is fertilized, how many chromosomes
will be present in the zygote?
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In humans, having freckles ( F) is dominant to not having freckles
( f). The inheritance of these traits can be studied using a Punnett square similar to the one
shown below.
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22.
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Refer to the illustration above. The child represented in box 1 in the Punnett
square would
A) | be homozygous for freckles. | B) | have an extra freckles
chromosome. | C) | not have freckles. | D) | be heterozygous for
freckles. |
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23.
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Refer to the illustration above. Which box in the Punnett square represents a
child who does not have freckles?
A) | box 1 | C) | box 3 | B) | box 2 | D) | box 4 |
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24.
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Refer to the illustration above. The child in box 3 of the Punnett square has
the genotype
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25.
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Refer to the illustration above. The parents shown in the Punnett square could
have children with a phenotype ratio of
A) | 2:2. | C) | 1:2:1. | B) | 3:1. | D) | 4:0. |
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Use the information below to answer the following
item.
Hummingbirds need large amounts of energy to flap their wings between 60 and 200
times per second. Their wings beat so rapidly that it is difficult to see them move. They often
appear suspended in air for extended periods of time without changing their location. Hummingbirds
have long bills and grooved tongues to reach into flowers to feed on flower nectar. They also feed on
insects.
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26.
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Which term best describes the ecological relationship between hummingbirds and
insects?
A) | commensalism | B) | predator–prey | C) | parasite–host | D) | mutualism |
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27.
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The body system most directly interacting with the skeletal system to enable
hummingbirds to beat their wings between 60 and 200 times per second is the -
A) | muscular system | B) | digestive system | C) | circulatory
system | D) | endocrine system |
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28.
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Researchers are studying slider turtles. Slider turtles hatch on the beach.
The researchers discovered that larger baby turtles were more likely to survive than smaller baby
turtles. They hypothesized that the larger turtles could move more quickly toward the water than the
smaller turtles, reducing their exposure to predators.
The survival advantage for the larger
baby turtles is a result of -
A) | gene splicing | B) | mutualism | C) | commensalism | D) | natural
selection |
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29.
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Red-green color blindness affects about 7.0% of the human male population. It
affects approximately 0.4% of the human female population. These data suggest that red-green color
blindness is a -
A) | dominant trait carried on the Y chromosome | B) | recessive trait
carried on the X chromosome | C) | dominant trait carried on the X
chromosome | D) | recessive trait carried on the Y chromosome |
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30.
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Before starting an investigation, you should
A) | read all the instructions and ask your teacher if you have any
questions. | B) | read all the instructions and start the lab even if you have
questions. | C) | try a procedure you think will work better. | D) | try out the
equipment so you know how it works. |
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31.
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A new species is introduced into an area. This can have harmful effects on
species already inhabiting the area. The harmful effects are most likely a result of
A) | commensalism | B) | succession | C) | competition | D) | mutualism |
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Use the diagram below to answer the next two numbers. 
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32.
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Which of these is a sugar?
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33.
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Which of these is a nucleotide?
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34.
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If you spill a chemical, you should
A) | tell the teacher. | B) | tell your lab partner to clean up the
spill. | C) | soak up the spill with paper towels and throw them in the
wastebasket. | D) | clean up the spill with a sponge. |
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35.
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You should wear goggles in the lab when you are working with.
A) | objects that could become airborne. | B) | all of the above. | C) |
flames. | D) | chemicals. |
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Use the forest food web below to answer the next three (3) numbers.
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36.
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Which of these describes the role of the red oak in the forest food web?
A) | herbivore | B) | producer | C) | parasite | D) | omnivore |
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37.
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The deer tick feeds on the blood of the red squirrel, deer, and deer mouse.
Which of these best describes the role of the deer tick in the forest food web?
A) | omnivore | B) | carnivore | C) | producer | D) | parasite |
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38.
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When gypsy moth caterpillars hatch, which of these populations benefits
first?
A) | blue jay | B) | carpenter ant | C) | deer
tick | D) | red oak |
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39.
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Which of these combinations results in the
expression of a recessive trait?
A) | two dominant alleles | B) | a dominant sex-linked allele and a Y chromosome | C) | a dominant allele and a recessive allele | D) | two recessive alleles |
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40.
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Horses have 64 chromosomes in each body cell. If a horse cell undergoes
meiosis,
how many chromosomes should be in each gamete?
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41.
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When the settlers arrived in New England, many forests were turned into fields.
Eventually, some fields were abandoned and then grew back into forests. This is best described
as
A) | succession. | C) | pioneer species. | B) | coevolution. | D) | niche
realization. |
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42.
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The human body functions properly when organ systems work together.
Which
organ system works with the muscular system to control muscle contraction?
A) | excretory | B) | nervous | C) | reproductive | D) | circulatory |
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Use the information below to answer the following item.
Many bird
species in the forests of eastern North America have very large
geographic ranges. Bird species in
tropical forests have very small geographic
ranges. Many forest areas within the ranges of these
birds are being destroyed.
Scientists believe that the destruction of forests affects birds with
small ranges
more than birds with large ranges.
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43.
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As a result of the destruction of forests, birds with a small geographic range
are most likely to
A) | lose their specific niche | B) | become less susceptible to
disease | C) | lose their ability to navigate | D) | adapt to a new
environment |
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44.
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Which of these is an abiotic factor in both North American and tropical forest
ecosystems?
A) | number of producers | B) | intensity of light | C) | age of
trees | D) | number of consumers |
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45.
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You should not mix chemicals together unless told to do so. Which choice is NOT
a reason for this rule?
A) | The mixture could produce a toxic gas. | B) | The mixture could be
poisonous. | C) | The mixture could explode. | D) | The mixture could splash out of the
container. |
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Use the information and the Punnett square below to answer the next two (2)
numbers.
In guinea pigs, the allele for black fur
(B) is dominant. The allele for brown fur (b)
is recessive. Two guinea pigs were crossed as shown
in the Punnett square below.
Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the types of offspring produced from
the cross.
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46.
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What is the probability that an offspring from this cross would have brown
fur?
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47.
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Which of these describes the phenotypes of the parent guinea pigs?
A) | One parent has a mixture of black and brown fur, and the other has black
fur. | B) | One parent has black fur, and the other has brown fur. | C) | Both parents have
brown fur. | D) | Both parents have black fur. |
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A marine environment provides a habitat for a variety of plants and animals.
A small part of a marine food web is shown below.
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48.
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Which of these describes the role of the sanderling in the marine food
web?
A) | omnivore | B) | carnivore | C) | herbivore | D) | producer |
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49.
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Horseshoe crabs are used by fisherman for bait. If the horseshoe crab
population were reduced by overfishing, which of these groups of organisms would most likely
decrease in number?
A) | plankton, razor clams, and loggerhead turtles | B) | striped bass,
sanderlings, and razor clams | C) | sanderlings, loggerhead turtles, and striped
bass | D) | grackles, plankton, and diamondback terrapin |
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50.
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Refer to the illustration above. The diagram shows a(n)
A) | community. | C) | food web. | B) | population. | D) | energy pyramid. |
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51.
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Refer to the illustration above. On the diagram, animals that feed on plant
eaters are no lower than
A) | level B. | C) | level D. | B) | level C. | D) | level A. |
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52.
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Refer to the illustration above. Level A is composed of
A) | omnivores. | C) | herbivores. | B) | producers. | D) | carnivores. |
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53.
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Refer to the illustration above. How much energy is available to the organisms
in level C?
A) | 10 percent of the energy in level B | B) | all of the energy in level A minus the energy
in level B | C) | 90 percent of the energy in level B | D) | all of the energy in level A plus the energy in
level B |
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54.
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Refer to the illustration above. The process shown in the diagram is known
as
A) | oligotrophy. | C) | competitive exclusion. | B) | symbiosis. | D) | succession. |
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55.
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Students are conducting an experiment to determine if sugars are present in
foods. They heat a test tube containing a sugar solution in a beaker of water.
Which of these is
an unsafe laboratory practice in this experiment?
A) | heating the sugar solution in a closed test tube | B) | rinsing hands with
water after handling the materials | C) | wearing safety goggles while heating the sugar
solution | D) | using a test tube clamp to hold the test tube |
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56.
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A sperm cell of a moth has 112 chromosomes. How many
chromosomes are in the moth’s wing cells?
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57.
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An ecosystem contains organisms interacting with each other and their physical
environment. Which of these is the best indicator of a healthy ecosystem?
A) | There is a large population of only one species. | B) | There are few
decomposers. | C) | There are many different species. | D) | There are few
herbivores. |
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Corals are marine animals that often live in tropical seas. Many types of
corals have unicellular algae living in their tissues. The algae provide up to 98 percent of the
corals' food. The corals provide protection and inorganic nutrients for the algae.
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58.
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Algae leave the coral when the water is too warm. What kind of factor is
temperature on this relationship?
A) | biotic | C) | parasitic | B) | commensalistic | D) | abiotic |
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59.
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Which of the following precautions should you follow in the laboratory if you
have long hair?
A) | No precautions are necessary with long hair. | B) | Be sure your hair is
clean. | C) | Tie your hair back from your face. | D) | Long hair is not allowed in the laboratory
under any circumstances. |
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60.
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A scientist is trying to discover a new treatment to stop cancer cells from
dividing. In the cancer cells, which of these processes will stop if the treatment is
successful?
A) | genetic recombination | B) | mitosis | C) | binary fission
| D) | chemosynthesis |
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61.
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The method for safely determining the odor of a chemical is called
A) | wafting. | C) | stirring. | B) | inhaling. | D) | decanting. |
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62.
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Cheryl wants to perform an investigation that requires using hazardous
chemicals. The following steps of the investigation are not in the correct
order.
1. Perform the investigation.
2.
Design the investigation.
3. Put on gloves, goggles, and an
apron.
4. Dispose of waste materials.
Which of these is the correct
sequence of steps to safely complete the investigation?
A) | 1-3-4-2 | B) | 3-2-1-4 | C) | 4-1-3-2 | D) | 2-3-1-4 |
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63.
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Depending on the environmental conditions, Euglena, a unicellular
protist, can act as either a producer or a consumer. Euglena will most likely
act as a consumer when placed in which of these environments?
A) | no-light | B) | cool | C) | low-oxygen | D) | acidic |
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Use the information and the figure below to answer the following
question.
The figure below shows the skeletal structure of a seal’s flipper and a
monkey’s arm.  The skeletal structures of the flipper
and the arm are similar, even though they have different functions. Seals use their flippers for
swimming, while monkeys use their arms primarily for grasping and lifting.
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64.
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Which of these explains why the skeletal structures of the seal’s flipper
and the monkey’s arm are similar?
A) | Seals and monkeys have identical DNA sequences. | B) | Seals and monkeys
have a common ancestor. | C) | All of the same genetic mutations occurred in
seals and monkeys. | D) | All of the same vitamins are used for bone
formation in seals and monkeys |
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65.
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The seal’s flipper and the monkey’s arm differ in appearance. This
difference is the result of
A) | natural selection | B) | migration | C) | genetic
engineering | D) | succession |
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66.
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In humans, the allele for having a hairline with a widow’s peak (H) is
dominant to having a straight hairline (h).  A woman that is
homozygous dominant for having a widow’s peak and a man that is heterozygous for having a
widow’s peak have a child. What is the probability that their child will have a widow’s
peak?
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Use the the information and the pedigree below to answer the next three (3)
questions.
In humans, the allele for having feet with normal arches is dominant (A). The
allele
for flat feet is recessive (a). The pedigree below shows the occurrence of normal
arches
and flat feet in four generations of a family. In the pedigree, individuals are
identified by the
generation and individual numbers. For example, Individual 2 in
Generation I is identified as
I-2.
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67.
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Individuals III-6 and III-7 have two children and are expecting a third child.
Their two children have flat feet. What is the chance that the third child will have normal
arches?
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68.
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Which of these individuals in the pedigree is a male with the genotype
aa?
A) | Individual III-2 | B) | Individual III-5 | C) | Individual
II-2 | D) | Individual I-1 |
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69.
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Which of these Punnett squares shows the cross between Individual II-4 and
Individual II-5?
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70.
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A strand of DNA has a nucleotide base sequence of TAC-CGG-AGT. Which of the
following is the complementary mRNA nucleotide sequence produced from the strand of DNA?
A) | ACU-GAA-CGA | B) | AUG-GCC-UCA | C) | AGU-UCC-UAC | D) | UAC-CGG-AGU |
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71.
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The hind leg bones shown in the whale in Figure 10.2 are examples of  A) | vestigial structures. | B) | fossil structures. | C) | homologous
structures. | D) | analogous structures. |
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72.
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The nucleotide base sequence of a strand of DNA is TAC-CGG-AGT. What is
the
sequence of the complementary DNA strand?
A) | AGT-TCC-TAC | B) | TAC-CGG-AGT | C) | ACT-GAA-CGA | D) | ATG-GCC-TCA |
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73.
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Aphids are insects that feed on fluids from the stems of plants. After the
aphids ingest the plant fluids, they excrete a liquid called honeydew.
Ladybugs eat aphids,
which are a source of protein for the ladybugs. Which of these terms best describes the
relationship between the ladybugs and the aphids?
A) | commensalism | B) | predator-prey | C) | mutualism | D) | parasite-host |
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74.
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The Punnett square in Figure 7.1 shows a cross between two parents who have the
genotype Ss for a genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele. Which of the following will
have the genetic disorder?  A) | Ss parent | B) | SS offspring | C) | Ss
offspring | D) | ss offspring |
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75.
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Which of these should be done before beginning a laboratory
investigation?
A) | collect data | C) | review the procedure | B) | record data on table | D) | draw
conclusions |
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76.
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What process produces male and female reproductive cells in plants?
A) | replication | B) | meiosis | C) | mitosis | D) | fertilization |
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77.
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Students will conduct a laboratory experiment using
the following materials: a Bunsen burner, a beaker of water, glass tubing, four test tubes containing
different chemicals, and rubber stoppers. Which of these steps is most critical for students to follow when using these materials in the
lab?
A) | washing hands before starting the
experiment | B) | placing a stopper
on all test tubes before heating them | C) | writing the lab
procedure in a notebook | D) | wearing eye
protection at all times |
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78.
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A protozoan lives inside a rat and takes its nourishment from the rat’s
body.
Because the protozoan damages the rat’s brain, the rat loses its fear of cats. A
cat
attacks an infected rat; the protozoan enters the cat’s body and completes its
life
cycle.
Which of these describes the relationship between the protozoan and the
rat?
A) | commensalism | B) | predator–prey | C) | parasite–host | D) | mutualism |
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79.
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Deep sea bacteria live at ocean depths too great for light to reach. These
bacteria
make their own food. Which of these is the source of energy for the bacteria?
A) | nucleic acids | C) | DNA replication | B) | binary fission | D) | inorganic
compounds |
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80.
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The ears of foxes help to regulate body heat. The fennec fox lives in the
North African desert and has large ears that release body heat. The Arctic fox lives in cold climates
and has small ears that conserve body heat.  Which of these processes
led to the development of different ear sizes in foxes?
A) | selective breeding | B) | natural selection | C) | mutualism | D) | succession |
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81.
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Some types of bacteria live deep in the ocean where sunlight cannot reach.
These
bacteria use the energy stored in inorganic molecules to make sugars.
Which of these
processes do the bacteria use to produce sugars?
A) | chemosynthesis | B) | photosynthesis | C) | aerobic
respiration | D) | nitrogen fixation |
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82.
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Most carbohydrates in the human body are -
A) | used as catalysts for reactions in cells | B) | not easily absorbed
into the bloodstream | C) | used as building blocks for
proteins | D) | consumed as a source of energy |
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83.
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One kind of chromosomal mutation can occur during meiosis when a pair of
chromosomes that carry genes for the same trait fail to separate. Which of these represents the sex
chromosomes of a male organism when this type of chromosomal mutation has occurred?
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84.
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In the fall, the leaves of many plants change color. Which of the following
abiotic factors is primarily responsible for causing this change?
A) | increased water | B) | decreased light | C) | decreased
acidity | D) | increased pH |
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85.
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The diagram below represents a coastal food web.  Global warming causes an increase in coastal water temperatures. Increased coastal
water temperature causes a decrease in reproduction of krill. Which of these would most likely
experience an increase in population? A) | gull | B) | phytoplankton | C) | herring | D) | anchovy |
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86.
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Which of these is an example of homeostasis in a multicellular
organism?
A) | inheriting a trait | B) | building a nest | C) | regulating body
temperature | D) | growing larger and stronger |
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87.
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Below is a diagram that represents the relationship between two glands.  This is an example of A) | natural selection | B) | anaerobic respiration | C) | feedback | D) | polarity |
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88.
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Sea grasses grow on the ocean floor in shallow areas. Runoff from the land
into the
ocean can cause the waters to become cloudy. Cloudy water affects the sea grasses’
ability to make their own food because there is not enough
A) | oxygen | C) | water | B) | light | D) | carbon |
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89.
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In humans the trait of having freckles (F) is dominant to not having freckles
(f). Which genotype and phenotype are correctly paired?
A) | Ff? –freckles | B) | Ff? –no freckles | C) | FF? –no
freckles | D) | ff? –freckles |
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90.
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Amphibians were the first vertebrates to live on land. The ancestors of
amphibians were probably lobe-finned fish. The diagram below shows this development of amphibians
over time.  Which of these terms best describes how
amphibians could have developed from lobe-finned fish? A) | cloning | B) | natural selection | C) | selective
breeding | D) | migration |
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91.
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A student designed the chart below to classify different organisms into four
groups.
According to the student’s
classification chart, an organism with no wings and four
legs would belong to which
group?
A) | Group C | B) | Group D | C) | Group
A | D) | Group B |
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Use the information below to answer the next two (2) numbers.
In an
ocean environment, marine life is most abundant in the euphotic zone. This zone extends from the
surface waters to a depth of 200 meters, the deepest depth that sunlight can reach. It is in this
range that phytoplankton capture energy from the sun. Although they are microscopic organisms,
phytoplankton are the foundation that supports the marine food web.
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92.
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Which trophic level is most likely missing from an ocean floor food web at a
depth of 800 meters?
A) | carnivores | B) | decomposers | C) | producers | D) | scavengers |
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93.
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The chart below is the nutrition facts found on a bag of pretzels.
Which of the following equations could be used to determine the number of
pretzels
in a 100-Calorie serving?
A) | 25 = 120
100 X | C) | 30 =
120
100 X | B) |
X = 25
100
120 | D) |
X = 30
100
120 |
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94.
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Which of these statements best explains how genes and proteins are
related?
A) | Genes are the building blocks of proteins. | B) | Genes are segments
of DNA that code for proteins. | C) | Proteins are segments of DNA that code for
genes. | D) | Proteins are the building blocks of genes. |
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Use the information below to answer the following item.
The water
quality of the Chesapeake Bay is measured by the Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Monitoring Program.
Scientists measure the salinity, temperature, pH, and oxygen levels to help determine the health of
the Bay. Healthy water also contains appropriate amounts of nutrients. Monitoring water quality helps
communities make decisions about the Bay.
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95.
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Which of these would likely be the most immediate result if oxygen levels in
the Bay decreased by 90%?
A) | decrease in fish populations | C) | increase in water
temperature | B) | increase in producer populations | D) | decrease in salinity
levels |
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96.
|
Which of these is an example of a heterozygous genotype?
A) | Rr | B) | RR | C) | round | D) | wrinkled |
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97.
|
Below are parts of the mitochondrial DNA codes for the American black bear,
the giant panda, the red panda, and the raccoon. Based on this
information, which two species are most closely related?
A) | the red panda and the raccoon | B) | the American black bear and the
raccoon | C) | the American black bear and the giant panda | D) | the red panda and
the giant panda |
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98.
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Which of the following statements is true of homozygous alleles?
A) | They are identical forms of the same gene. | B) | They are always
inherited together. | C) | They are identical forms of two different
genes. | D) | They are different forms of the same trait. |
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99.
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Some bacteria live in habitats without light. They produce their own food
using
inorganic substances from the environment.
Which of these terms best describes
this process?
A) | photosynthesis | C) | chemosynthesis | B) | binary fission | D) | cellular
respiration |
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100.
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Which of these represents the structure of messenger RNA?
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